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Gender marking in job titles : ウィキペディア英語版
Gender marking in job titles
One of the chief issues with which the movement for gender-neutral language has been concerned is that of gender (sex) specificity in job titles.
A gender-specific job title is a name of a job that also specifies or implies the gender of the person performing that job. For example, in English, the job title ''stewardess'' implies that the person is female; the job title ''policeman'' implies that the person is male. A gender-neutral job title, on the other hand, is one that does not specify or imply gender, such as ''firefighter'' or ''lawyer''. In some cases it may be debatable whether a title is gender-specific; for example, ''chairman'' appears to denote a male (because of the ending ''-man''), but the title is also applied sometimes to women.
Proponents of gender-neutral language generally advocate the use of gender-neutral job titles, particularly in contexts where the gender of the person in question is not known or not specified. For example, they prefer ''flight attendant'' to ''stewardess'' or ''steward'', and ''police officer'' to ''policeman'' or ''policewoman''. In some cases this may involve deprecating the use of certain specifically female titles (such as ''authoress''), thus encouraging the use of the corresponding unmarked form (such as ''author'') as a fully gender-neutral title.
The above applies to gender neutrality in English and in some other languages without grammatical gender (where grammatical gender is a feature of a language's grammar that requires every noun to be placed in one of several classes, often including feminine and masculine). In languages with grammatical gender, the situation is altered by the fact that nouns for people are often constrained to be inherently masculine or feminine, and the production of truly gender-neutral titles may not be possible. In such cases, proponents of gender-neutral language may instead focus on ensuring that feminine and masculine words exist for every job, and that they are treated with equal status.
==Examples==

The suffix ''-man'' had the meaning "person" in Old English (see ''man''), but in present-day English it is predominantly masculine. Thus job titles that include this suffix, such as ''fireman'', ''salesman'' and ''alderman'', generally imply that the holder is male. While some of these job titles have feminine variants (e.g. ''alderwoman''), others do not, because traditionally the positions in question were not occupied by women.〔Aarts, Bas and April M. S. McMahon. (''The Handbook of English Linguistics.'' ) Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-1382-3, p. 737.〕 For most such titles, gender-neutral equivalents now also exist, such as ''police officer'' (for ''policeman'' or ''policewoman''), ''salesperson'' or ''sales representative'' (for ''salesman'' or ''saleswoman''), etc. However, some proposed gender-neutral terms have not attained such common usage (as with ''fisher'' as an alternative to ''fisherman''). Military ranks with the suffix ''-man'' normally remain unchanged when applied to females: for example, a woman serving in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers might be known as Craftsman Atkins.
In the case of ''chairman'', gender-neutral alternatives (such as ''chair'' and ''chairperson'') exist, although in some contexts the word ''chairman'' is used even where it denotes (or could denote) a woman. For details, see ''Chairman''.
Feminine terms such as ''actress'', ''usherette'' and ''comedienne'' are marked with respect to the masculine (''actor'', ''usher'', ''comedian'') both formally (i.e. something is added to the masculine form) and in the sense that only the masculine form can be used generically to describe a mixed-gender group of people.〔 This means that the "masculine" form can in fact serve as a gender-neutral term (a solution often favored by proponents of gender-neutral language, who thus tend to deprecate or restrict usage of the specifically feminine forms). Some such feminine forms, such as ''poetess'' and ''authoress'', are now rarely used. Others, such as ''actress'', remain common, although increasing numbers of women are calling themselves ''actors'' rather than ''actresses'', especially in the live theatre. The Screen Actors Guild annually gives out awards for "Best Male Actor" and "Best Female Actor".
The term ''waiter'' appears to retain masculine specificity (with ''waitress'' as the corresponding feminine term). Other gender-neutral terms have therefore been proposed, such as ''server'' (alternatives include ''waitron'', ''waitstaff'' or ''waitperson''), though these are rarely used outside North America.
The term ''midwife'' looks superficially to be feminine (since it ends with ''-wife''), but etymologically it is appropriate to use it to refer to someone of either gender; the term comes from an Old English term meaning "with the woman".

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